Overlapping Views And Gesturerecognizer Iphone

In your custom transition animation, you may have control of both the outgoing view con‐ troller's view and the incoming view controller's view. Moreover, you are free to add further momentary views in the course of the course of the animation. For example, because the out‐ going view departs and the incoming view arrives, a 3rd view can move throughout from the outgoing view to the incoming view. This might be a method so that you can counsel or emphasize the significance of the transition that's now going down. As you ponder what could be possible and how it could be achieved, don't neglect about view snapshotting . Instead of transferring a view, which could upset the association of issues, you'll find a way to take a snapshot of that view and transfer the snapshot. In addition, a custom animation may be interactively gesture-driven (similar to the finest way a navigation controller's view can be popped, in iOS 7, by dragging from the left fringe of the screen). The consumer does not merely tap and cause an animation to take place; the consumer performs an prolonged gesture and progressively summons the brand new view to supersede the old one. The user can thus take part within the progress of the transition. See the dialogue earlier on this chapter of how a view controller's view is resized to fit the interface. In iOS 7, a tab bar controller's child controller's view by default will underlap the tab bar if the tab bar is translucent. The root view controller is answerable for rotation of the interface. The consumer can rotate the system, and also you would possibly like the interface to rotate in response, to compensate.

As I defined in Chapter 1, the window is successfully pinned to the bodily show , but a view could be given a remodel in order that its high moves to the current high of the display. The root view controller can reply to gadget rotation by making use of this transform to the root view. The root view controller additionally bears ultimate duty for manipulation of the status bar. View controllers do many issues mechanically, however the choices that specify the details are as a lot as you. The root view controller rotates the interface in response to the user's rotation of the system; but should it achieve this on this particular occasion? A sure transition between views of built-in view controllers could come with a selection of builtin animations; which one would you like? (Or, in iOS 7, do you prefer to produce your personal animation?) Similarly, some view controllers add navigation interface to their views; how ought to that interface look? You'll decide all of this, and extra, through your customization of view controllers. One further bit of configuration, if you're using the page curl transition, is carried out through the doubleSided property. If it is YES, the next page occupies the back of the earlier web page. The default is NO, except the spine is in the center, during which case it's YES and can't be modified. A web page view controller in a storyboard allows you to configure its transition fashion, navigation orientation, and spine location. It additionally has delegate and knowledge supply retailers, though you're not allowed to attach them to other view controllers (you can't draw an outlet from one scene to another in a storyboard). The transition uses the flip horizontal animation belonging to the presenting view con‐ troller, rather than the quilt vertical animation of the introduced view controller. It's helpful to experiment with the above code, commenting out particular person lines to see what impact they have on the overall outcome. Note too that all the properties mentioned in this part could be set by method of the nib editor. There is, nonetheless, another presentation fashion that works on the iPhone — UIModalPresentationCustom. Its use has to do with customized transition animations, which I'll discuss later on this chapter.

When a view controller is presented, and its presentation type just isn't UIModalPresentationFullScreen, a question arises of whether its standing bar methods must be consulted. By default, the reply is no, as a outcome of this view controller just isn't changing into the top-level view controller, supplanting the basis view controller. To make the reply be yes, set this view controller's modalPresentationCapturesStatusBarAppearance to YES. Sure sufficient, there's our green background and our "Hello, world" label! We have proved that we can create a view controller and get its view into the interface. But maybe you're not persuaded that the view controller is managing that view in an attention-grabbing means. While our app is working in the simulator, choose Hardware → Rotate Left or Hardware → Rotate Right. We have been cautious to give the label an appropriate autoresizingMask, to keep it centered within the view even when the view's bounds are changed to fit the rotated window. When we created our view controller's view (self.view), we never gave it an affordable frame. This is as a outcome of we're relying on another person to border the view appropriately. In general, it's the duty of whoever puts a view controller's view into the interface to offer the view the proper body — and this can by no means be the view controller itself. This a half of the guide is about view controllers, and about all the various kinds of view supplied by the Cocoa framework — the built-in "widgets" with which you'll assemble an app's interface. • Chapter 6 is about view controllers, the elemental iOS mechanism for allowing a complete interface to get replaced by one other. Every app you write could have its interface managed by at least one view controller. • Chapter 7 is about scroll views, the iOS mechanism for letting the consumer scroll and zoom the interface. • Chapter 8 explains desk views, a kind of scroll view that lets the user navigate via any quantity of knowledge, together with collection views, a generalization of desk views. • Chapter 9 is about two types of interface distinctive to, and attribute of, the iPad — popovers and split views. • Chapter 10 describes several ways of presenting textual content in an app's interface — labels, text fields, text views, and text drawn instantly. A net view is an easy-to-use interface widget backed by the power of a full-fledged net browser.

• Chapter 12 describes all of the remaining built-in iOS interface widgets. • Chapter 13 is concerning the forms of modal dialog that may appear in entrance of an app's interface. A collection view in my Latin flashcard app The collection view format can place its components wherever it likes. To get you started, there's a built-in UICollectionView‐ Layout subclass — UICollectionViewFlowLayout. UICollectionViewFlowLayout arranges its cells in something like a grid. The grid may be scrolled both horizontally or vertically, so this grid is a sequence of rows or columns. It defines two supplementary view sorts, using them to let you give every part a header and a footer. Figure 8-11 reveals a group view, laid out with a circulate layout, from my Latin flashcard app. This interface simply lists the chapters and lessons into which the flashcards them‐ selves are divided, and permits the consumer to leap to a desired lesson by tapping it. Previ‐ ously, I was using a table view to present this record; when collection views were introduced , I adopted one for this interface, and you can see why. So a collection view is a a lot more compact and acceptable approach to current this interface than a table view. If UICollectionViewFlowLayout doesn't fairly meet your needs, you can subclass it, or you can subclass UICollectionViewLayout itself. Setting the view controller's title property units the title of the navigationItem mechanically, and is usually one of the best approach. The titleView can be any sort of UIView; if set, will most likely be displayed as a substitute of the title. The titleView can implement additional UIView performance; for example, it can be tappable. Even in case you are utilizing a titleView, you should nonetheless give your view controller a title, as will in all probability be wanted for the back button when a view controller is pushed onto the stack on high of this one. Figure 6-1 exhibits the TidBITS News master view, with the navigation bar displaying a titleView which is a image view; the master view's title is subsequently not displayed.

Figure 6-5, from my Latin flashcard app, is one other instance of a offered view. It has a Cancel button, and the consumer is in a special "mode", performing a drill exercise rather than scrolling via flashcards. Nevertheless, the "modal" characterization is not all the time apt. A introduced view controller might be no more than a device that you just, the programmer, have used to change the inter‐ face; the person needn't be acutely aware of this. With the coming of the iPad, the range of what a presented view controller's view could do was extended. A presented view on the iPad, instead of replacing the whole interface, can replace a subview throughout the present interface. Alternatively, a introduced view con‐ troller's view on the iPad might cowl the prevailing interface only partially; the existing interface is rarely removed. And iOS 7 provides you a approach to accomplish the same factor on the iPhone. Content is scrolled and zoomed, and you may set up a gesture recognizer on it, to detect gestures not intended for the net view itself. Like a text view , its dataDetectorTypes property allows you to set certain kinds of data to be automatically transformed to tappable links. It is feasible to design a whole app that's effectively nothing however a UIWebView — particularly in case you have management of the server with which the consumer is interacting.

Indeed, earlier than the appearance of iOS, an iPhone app was a web application. There are nonetheless iPhone apps that work this fashion, but such an strategy to app design is outside the scope of this book. A web view's most essential task is to render HTML content material; like all browser, an online view understands HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. In order to construct content for an online view, you should know HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Discussion of these languages is beyond the scope of this e-book; every would require a guide of its personal. The factor to bear in mind is that you have to use a web view to display content material that isn't fetched from the Internet or that isn't clearly an online web page. WebKit is a robust layout engine; HTML and CSS are how you tell it what to do. Game, I current the Help documentation in a UIWebView simply because it's so convenient for laying out styled text with footage. Autoresizing Autoresizing is the pre-iOS 6 way of performing structure automatically. A subview will respond to its superview's being resized, in accordance with the foundations prescribed by the subview's autoresizingMask property value. Autolayout Autolayout, launched in iOS 6 , depends on the constraints of views. A constraint is a full-fledged object with numeric values; it is rather more sophisticated, descriptive, and powerful than the autoresizingMask. Many constraints can apply to a view, they usually can describe a relationship between any two views . Autolayout is implemented behind the scenes in layoutSubviews; in impact, constraints permit you to write sophisticated layoutSubviews performance without code.

The want for guide structure is rare, but it's there when you need it. Autoresizing is used automatically until you delib‐ erately flip it off by setting a superview's autoresizesSubviews property to NO, or except a view makes use of autolayout as a substitute. One of the chief places the place you opt in to autolayout is the nib file, and in Xcode 5 all new .storyboard and .xib files do opt in — they've autolayout turned on, by default. To see this, select the file in the Project navigator, present the File inspector, and examine the "Use Auto Layout" checkbox. On the opposite hand, a view that your code creates and adds to the interface, by default, uses autoresizing, not autolayout. If a nib's "Use Auto Layout" is checked, don't load it on any system sooner than iOS 6. If you do, your app will crash, as a outcome of you're us‐ ing a class, NSLayoutConstraint, that doesn't exist before iOS 6. Dynamic attributes The collection view is inserting or eradicating elements. It asks for the structure attributes that a component, specified by index path, should have before insertion or after removing. The assortment view can thus animate between the element's static attributes and these dynamic attributes. For instance, if an element's lay‐ out attributes alpha is zero after elimination, the element will appear to fade away as it's removed. The assortment view additionally notifies the format of pending modifications via some strategies whose names begin with prepare and finalize. This is one other means for the layout to take part in animations, or to carry out other kinds of preparation and cleanup. UICollectionViewLayout is an summary class; to make use of it, you have to subclass it, or begin with the built-in subclass, UICollectionViewFlowLayout. UICollectionViewFlowLayout A concrete subclass of UICollectionViewLayout; you need to use it as is, or you'll be able to subclass it. It lays out objects in a grid that can be scrolled both horizontally or vertically, and it defines two supplementary element varieties to serve as the header and footer of a bit. A flow format has a scroll path, a sectionInset , an itemSize together with a minimumInteritemSpacing and minimumLineSpacing, and a headerReferenceSize and footerReferenceSize.

At a minimum, if you need to see any section headers, you must assign the move structure a headerReferenceSize, because the default is . Otherwise, you get initial defaults that can a minimal of permit you to see one thing instantly, similar to an itemSize of and affordable default spacing between items and features. Be consistent There are multiple data source strategies, and you cannot know which one will be called at a given second. So you should ensure your responses are mutually constant at any second. For example, a common beginner error is forgetting to take into account, in your information source strategies, the likelihood that the information may not but be prepared. This might sound daunting, but you'll be fine so lengthy as you keep an dependable adherence to the principles of model–view–controller. How and if you accumulate the precise information, and the way that knowledge is structured, is a mannequin concern. You'll need to design the mannequin in such a way that the controller can access any desired piece of knowledge roughly immediately. This isn't normally a reason for any actual difficulty, as a result of the thing serving as knowledge supply will most likely also be the thing serving as delegate. Nevertheless, it is quite inconvenient when you're consulting the documen‐ tation; you'll probably wish to hold the info source and delegate documentation pages open concurrently as you work. If a desk view's contents are known beforehand, you'll have the ability to alternative‐ ly design the whole desk, together with the contents of particular person cells, in a storyboard. Given the in depth animation sources of iOS 7 , this is a superb likelihood so that you just can present your app with variety, curiosity, and distinctiveness. The workaround in our instance situation is to disable person interplay on the overlaying view and add a custom UIGestureRecognizer subclass to the scroll view. Set the customized recognizer to solely enable Stylus enter, then set the scroll view's pan gesture recognizer to only allow Direct and Indirect. Then your custom recognizer can ahead all of the contact occasions on to the overlaying view. As long as your own views are built to anticipate forwarded occasions it is safe to do so (you simply cannot do it with built-in UIKit views). But the view controller that presents the action sheet won't have ready access to the popover controller in order to set its passthroughViews! This whole state of affairs is simply one other maddening consequence of iOS's poor built-in popover management. A modal dialog demands attention; whereas it's present, the consumer can do nothing aside from work inside it or dismiss it. You might need to put up a easy modal dialog so as to give the person some info or to ask the consumer how to proceed.

Two UIView subclasses, UIAlertView and UIActionSheet, assemble and current rudimentary modal dialogs. One sees often a misuse of the built-in dialogs to include further interface. For example, a UIActionSheet is a UIView, so in concept you'll have the ability to add a subview to it. I can't recommend such habits; it clearly isn't supposed, and there's no want for it. If what you want isn't what a built-in dialog usually does, don't use a built-in dialog. A native notification is an alert that the system presents at a predetermined time on your app's behalf when your app isn't frontmost. This alert can generate a UIAlertView, so I talk about it on this chapter as properly. An activity view is a modal dialog displaying icons representing attainable courses of action, and intended in sure circumstances to replace the motion sheet. If you've older app code in which you have been manually setting the body of a view controller's view, in code, to [ applicationFrame] in iOS 6 or earlier than, don't try this in iOS 7. In iOS 7, permit the run‐ time to resize your view controller's view routinely. As is clear from the above code, use is made of these settings through the attribute modification course of.

It's stunning how popular this part is in most of the apps that we use daily. We can add the desk view controller directly to the Storyboard by dropping it on an empty area. In order to add it to an existing view, we will use a Container View. Control+click the Container View, drag the arrow to the desk view controller, and choose the "Embed" Segue. Since within the demo we use static data to populate the desk view, we set the property "Content" to be "Static Cells" . Every cell within the desk may be customized, adding photographs, buttons or another sort of elements. If a view controller is displaying an occasion in the database and the database is deleted while the person is viewing it, the delegate will get the identical notification as if the consumer had deleted it. The Web Inspector inspects an app running within the Simulator viewport can change when the app rotates. Setting the initial-scale causes the view‐ port size to adopt appropriate values in both orientations. For example, you might have one CSS file that lays out your web view's content material on an iPhone, and another that lays it out on an iPad. Inspecting, debugging, and experimenting with UIWebView content material is significantly eased by the Web Inspector, built into Safari 6.1 and later. It can see a web view in your app running in the Simulator, and lets you analyze each side of how it works. For instance, in Figure 11-3, I'm inspecting an image to see how it is sized and scaled. Two popovers • Both views proceed to seem side by side; the second view is narrower than it is in landscape orientation, as a outcome of the display is narrower. • Only the second view appears, with an choice to summon the primary view by tapping a bar button item .

Angularjs Round To 2 Decimal Places Input

You'll learn angular decimal pipe 2 digits. Php Two Decimal Places Without Rounding Off Pakainfo Php Math Exercise. In angularjs, number filter is used to format the number and convert it as string or text.

By using number filter in angularjs we can show number with decimal values and we define limit to show number of decimal values. In angularjs number filter is used to format the number and convert it as string or text. In angularjs we can show number with decimal values and we define limit to E.g If we give expression like it will format our number. The limitTo filter returns a new array as a subset limited to the specified number of elements. The elements are taken from either the beginning or the end of the source array, string, or number, as specified by the value and sign of limit. If a number is used as the input tag, that number is converted into a string value.

How to use decimal pipe in Components in Angular 1 Import DecimalPipe from @angular\common in app.module.ts file 2 Add the DecimalPipe to provider array. 3 Inject the DecimalPipe in component constructor file using dependency injection. 4 And finally format the numbers using decimal pipe transform method as shown below. I have a column that I want currency formatted nnnn.nn but I wouldn't my data corrupted such as forcing a float to a string or lopping decimals. I would like to know how to enter two decimal point value in a uigrid.

With python pywavelets tutorial c program to find sum of array elements using. It is possible to return a nonstring value from an angularjs filter in which case you should define. ToFixed() returns a string representation of numObj that does not use exponential notation and has exactly digits digits after the decimal place. The number is rounded if necessary, and the fractional part is padded with zeros if necessary so that it has the specified length. If the absolute value of numObj is greater or equal to 1e+21, this method calls Number.prototype.toString()and returns a string in exponential notation. On this page we will provide Angular Decimal Pipe, Percent Pipe and Currency Pipe example.

These Angular API belong to CommonModule. Decimal Pipe formats a number as decimal number. Percent Pipe formats a number as percentage.

Currency Pipe formats a number as currency. Decimal Pipe, Percent Pipe and Currency Pipe work on the basis of locale rules. These pipes have default format and we can also provide our own format.

These pipes use the internationalization API which is not yet available in all browsers and may require a polyfill. Here on this page we will provide Decimal Pipe, Percent Pipe and Currency Pipe example step by step using typescript. We will see how to use number filter in angularjs application with or without decimal values. In the above code we are instructing decimal pipe to show atleast 3 integer values before decimal points and minimum 1 fraction digit, maximum 5 fraction digits. Angularjs round to 2 decimal places input. Javascript by Selfish Spider on Javascript answers related to angular math round 2 decimals.

Also here we added integrations with d3.js ECharts and Kendo UI Splitter widget. Learn how to configure sorting and different types of filtering expand values and many Numeric values can easily be formatted in Flexmonster. This section shows how to set currency symbol precision thousand and decimal separators. Shares the same object format as columnDef.sort. It is possible to return a nonstring value from an angularjs filter in which case you should.

The parseFloat() method checks if the first character of the string is a number, if it is a number the method parses the string till the end. In case the first character of the string is not a number then parseFloat() returns NaN . The parseFloat() method parses the entire string. If the passed string has 5 digits after the decimal then the output is a floating-point number with 5 digits after the decimal. To limit the number of digits up to 2 places after the decimal, the toFixed() method is used. The toFixed() method rounds up the floating-point number up to 2 places after the decimal.

Use the toFixed () method in JavaScript to format a number with two decimals. The toFixed () method formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the decimal. It returns a string representation of the number that does not use exponential notation and has the exact number of digits after the decimal place. By default it will round to 3 digits after the decimal point, but you can add a parameter that sets the number of digits for rounding. Interestingly you can even set this to a negative number which means round to that many digits to the left of the decimal point.

Variable and override each time the user presses any key in input field. Since we are showing only filtered information to the user, we have to create a subset of the actual array and override it each time to display correct results on page. Angular Decimal Pipe is one of the bulit in pipe in Angular used to format decimal numbers according to the given decimal digits info and locale information. Represents minimum number of integer digits before the decimal point.

I have a column that I want currency formatted nnnn.nn but I I would like to know how to enter two decimal point value in a uigrid. It is accepting decimal point value but at the. The client wanted some input fields to be rounded/truncated at 2 decimals and some to 0 decimals – and the decimal point had to always be a ,. And a , as the decimal point when typing the value. Math is not a angularjs function, is a javascript function. Round() rounds a number to the nearest integer not a nearest real.

To parse a float with 2 decimal places, pass the number as a parameter to theparseFloat() function and call the toFixed method on the result. ThetoFixed method will format the number to 2 decimal places and return the string representation. Round is a built-in function available with python. It will return you the float number that will be rounded to the decimal places which are given as input. Round() is a built-in function available with python. It will return you a float number that will be rounded to the decimal places which are given as input.

In this example, i will take simple textbox and allow only enter float number with 2 decimal values. Here i also added another example with allow only numbers and decimal in textbox jquery. So let's see both example and i hope it can help you. Now, let's see example of allow only numbers and 2 decimal in textbox jquery.

In this article, we will implement a how to allow only 2 digits after decimal in jquery. Step by step explain jquery allow only numbers with 2 decimal places. You can understand a concept of jquery allow only 2 decimal values in textbox.

Let's get started with allow only 2 decimal values in textbox jquery. DevExtreme provides an API for formatting any date or number in your app. The following example shows how to format dates. The formatDate() method applies a predefined format to a date. A custom function or format string can be applied instead.

This string is then converted back to a date using the parseDate() method. Set the format UI component property to apply a predefined format. In the following code, this property specifies the format and precision of the tooltip's value in the Slider UI component. The value contains two decimal digits when the precision value is 2. Following is the example of using angularjs number filter in angularjs applications.

In Angular, Pipe is something that takes in data as input and transforms it into the desired output. Instead of that we can use formatNumber() method to format numbers in component and service files similarly as decimal pipe. By default Angular decimal pipe rounds off the number to the nearest value using Arithmetic rounding method. I created a decimal pipe component in my Angular project and added decimal number variable called decimal_value. Check the number of digits after the decimal part, How do I limit the number of decimal places in JavaScript? If this argument is omitted, it is treated as 0.

Create a function randomInteger that generates a random integer number from min to max including both min and max as possible values. The method toFixed rounds the number to n digits after the point and returns a string representation of the result. Here, currency expression is the numerical value that will be formatted by a currency filter to display numerical value as a price with a specified currency symbol.

Following is the syntax of using number filter in angularjs applications. This is also working both the filter and normal list. The first thing to create a new filter for the sum of all values from the list, and also given solution for a sum of the total quantity. Angular decimal pipe adds commas to the number according to counry locale rules. Here I will explain how convert number to currency format in AngularJS or limit number to display / show with 2 or two decimal places in. Dynamically change gridOptions columnDefs angularjs angularuigrid.

In the following plunkr I want the Gender dropdown filter to be populated. Transforms a number to a currency string formatted according to locale rules For example the Canadian dollar has 2 digits whereas the Chilean peso has. Transforms a number to a currency string formatted according to locale rules that determine group sizing and separator decimalpoint character and other. AngularJS is what HTML would have been had it been designed for building webapps.

Declarative The custom row template merges all the cells together when the entity.merge value is true. You can In the cellTemplate you have access to grid row and column which allows you to write any of a range of functions. JavaScript is high level, dynamically typed, and interpreted client-side scripting language. JavaScript provides an inbuilt parseFloat() method to parse a string and returns a floating-point number. How can I restrict the decimal places to 2 digits in an INPUT field. As in the example works, but not sure how to use it to format the ng-model attached to an field.

I could have formatted the data/model itself, but I have few values I like to keep the extra decimal, but only display 2 decimal. When using integers with decimal places in our web applications we often want to change the format of them to display them better in our user interfaces. The plugin can return formatted numbers as a string, you can set decimal, and thousands separators, and you can choose the number of decimals to show. $.number; // Returns '123.00' You can also get jQuery Number Format from GitHub.

Write the function random to generate a random floating-point number from min to max . Use parseInt/parseFloat for the "soft" conversion, which reads a number from a string and then returns the value they could read before the error. If it is enclosed in single quotes ('%'), it only adds this sign to the input value. ; Separates positive and negative numbers. If there is no explicit negative format, a positive number receives the "-" prefix.

Should be placed only at the format string's beginning or end. One example would be changing the display format of a value. For example the number filter will put commas after ever 3 digits from the right to left as you would do if you wanted to make a large number more readable.

Angular provides filter components for filtering, organizing, and arranging the values based on input requirements. The number filter is not appropriate in this case because I want to round the actual val in ng-model as well. If I have to write one, what would it be like? You can create two way binding conversion using directives. And finally format the numbers using decimal pipe transform method as shown below. AngularJS currency filter is used to convert a number into a currency format.

If no currency format is specified currency filter uses the local. Currency symbol or identifier to be displayed. Number of decimal places to round the amount to defaults to default max. I had to revise my situation a little, but in the end I think it turned out quite well. If you don't know what AngularJS is you probably won't get too much out of this blog post, but AngularJS is a JavaScript framework maintained by Google. Its strong sides are single-page applications and its two-way binding between the model and the view.

It has a bit of a steep learning curve and their own tutorial isn't really the best – there are better tutorials out there. Once you get the hang of it, though, it's quite nice to work with – in most cases at least. Check it out at angularjs.org if you're interested. It's been mentioned elsewhere, but this doesn't work because an input of type number expects a Number as it's value, but the angular number filter returns a String. Suggesting to make the input type text is really just sidestepping the issue.

Note that the toFixed method returns a string. If you need the result to be a number, call the parseFloat method again. We have prepared a simple to achieve your requirement("set decimal places to numeric texbox in grid batch edit") and please refer the below code snippets and sample. This method formats a number with a specific number of digits to the right of the decimal.

Filter works very much like the number filter. However, it will format the text and displays the value prefixed with the "$" symbol. The "$" is the default symbol, when no other symbol is defined. These filters usually apply to a list of values and return a subset of the original values. They filter out certain values using some condition.

Calculating Work Hours Per Patient Day

In the researched medical ward the average number of patients per registered nurse was high, and only a third of the overall nursing hours were conducted by nurses with a bachelor's degree. Although, the number of staff did not deviate from that expected in European hospitals , the observed staffing levels could provoke rushed judgments about low quality of care. However, it should be noted that in the observed hospital the management calculates the number of registered nurses and nursing technicians together , ignoring evidence on higher nurse staffing levels being reflected in better patient outcomes .

With the use of two profiles of nursing staff, the productivity levels, number of nurse working hours and nurse–patient ratios appear to be good. But this hospital is employing cheaper nursing technicians instead of registered nurses, and this low-cost approach ignores actual patients care needs, actual unit occupancy rates, and staff competences and, as a consequence, the graduate staff are overloaded. The shift to value-based care is just one of many fundamental changes happening in healthcare today.

Healthcare organizations across the continuum are challenged to increase productivity AND reduce costs while maintaining proper staff levels to meet patient needs and compliance requirements. Hours per patient day is a common industry expression used to trend the total number of direct nursing care hours , compared to the number of patients as the HPPD ratio. Using a the "nursing hours per patient day" is a way to monitor and improve quality of care and service. And in many states, hospitals, clinics, acute care facilities, long-term care and senior living facilities must report the HPPD data to the Department of Public Health.

OSHPD's Hospital Disclosure Report measures employment in terms of productive hours for each of RNs, LPNs, unlicensed aides/orderlies, management and supervision, administrative and clerical, and other labor categories. Most hospitals use their payroll system, not their actual unit-level staffing grid, to complete the survey, and thus the data are subject to errors that might exist in any payroll system. For example, hospitals might not consistently measure hours worked by nurses normally assigned to one unit but "floated" to another. The number of patient days or services provided in each revenue unit is reported, enabling calculation of hours per patient day, hours per patient discharge, and/or hours per service provided. Unit types can be aggregated or examined separately (e.g., HPPD for medical–surgical acute care only). Correlations between the AHA and OSHPD datasets for inpatient days and RN employment were high overall, at least 0.9.

The means of RN and LPN employment were not statistically significantly different, while computed hours per patient day were statistically different in the OSHPD and AHA datasets. Most hospitals provide the staffing data to OSHPD and AHA from payroll systems, which might contain several types of measurement error. First, these systems do not delineate direct patient care from nondirect care in productive staff or hours, and thus overestimate the amount of direct nursing care received by each patient.

For example, a nurse might change the unit to which s/he is assigned, without a change in pay, and this change may not be reflected in the payroll data in a timely fashion. The panel reviewed current staffing ratios of registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and nursing assistants, and concluded the current levels are inadequate. Seventeen out of the 30 conference participants endorsed a final staffing recommendation that established 4.55 total nursing hours per resident day as a minimum threshold. Noting that nursing management and leadership are central to providing a high quality of care in nursing facilities, the panel also recommended the director of nursing in nursing facilities have a minimum of a bachelor's degree.

Many researchers and health care leaders want to measure nurse staffing according to the workload of each nurse, although "workload" does not have an agreed-upon definition. Most hospitals can easily report the average number of productive nursing hours per patient day ("hours per patient day" or HPPD), because they keep data on nursing hours and patient days. Based on an analysis of 1999 cost report filings, all of Connecticut's nursing facilities licensed as CCNHs exceed the minimum nursing-staff-to-resident-day ratios established under the regulations.

Although the regulations require 694 annual minimum nursing staff hours for CCNHs, all nursing homes licensed under the CCNH category had 754 annual hours or more per bed in direct care staffing. Based upon the data contained in the cost reports, there was an average of 1,435 direct care hours per resident per year; more than double that required under the regulations. We used a hierarchical four-grade nursing care classification system to assess nursing care levels for patients at different acuity levels. This system identifies the staffing levels required to achieve appropriate nursing care, although unfortunately it is not used in practice yet.

When we compared the actual nursing levels, the conventional patient-to-nurse ratio and the nurses needed on the basis of patients' classification, we found severe shortages. Individual patient requirements were not respected, as a 38% shortage of registered nurses was measured. Therefore, nursing staff requirements should be considered as a predictor of the quality of nursing services , and having enough nurses to meet patient needs could be reflected in higher patient satisfaction with nursing care .

This study showed also that patients were more satisfied when the proportion of baccalaureate nurses in the nursing workforce was higher. While these results support the findings of previous studies , there is limited evidence correlating hospital nurse staffing with patient satisfaction in the literature . Research reports positive patient outcomes when staffing levels allow a maximum of six patients to one registered nurse on a medical ward . Similarly, other research finds that more patients per nurse result in higher rate of care left undone . The survey requested that hospitals provide data for a representative medical–surgical unit in the hospital. Survey questions focused on nursing hours worked on that unit, discharges and patient days on the unit, nurse-to-patient ratios, number of vacancies, and average time to recruit a RN to the unit.

Both hours per patient day and the nurse-to-patient ratio were reported directly by unit managers, enabling a direct comparison of these methods of measuring nurse staffing. The program review committee compared the minimum regulatory nursing staff requirements to actual hours of nursing staff reported by facilities in its Medicaid cost reports. There are several caveats attached to the data used for an analysis of the distribution of nursing staff among Connecticut's nursing facilities. First, the number of hours reported for RNs, LPNs, and nurse aides by facilities is self-reported and not audited by DSS. In addition, there are no uniform definitions for reporting on nursing staff hours.

Thus, while some facilities may report paid hours, which include any vacation, sick, and personal time accrued, others might report actual hours worked. Third, nursing staff hours are reported on an annualized basis, but daily, weekly, and monthly nursing staff fluctuations may vary considerably. Finally, data were available for only 226 facilities out of the 253 licensed CCNHs, and estimates are based on an average 95 percent occupancy rate, rather than a facility's actual occupancy.

Table 2 summarizes the critical care and medical–surgical nurse staffing and patient days data reported by CalNOC and OSHPD. OSHPD reports a greater number of RN and LPN hours as well as patient days, and all differences are statistically significant. The greater number of nursing hours reported by OSHPD is consistent with OSHPD's productive hours including non-direct-patient-care hours, which may include RNs in special roles such as clinical specialists or infection control managers. The correlations between RN hours, LPN hours, and patient days are relatively high, ranging from 0.73 to 0.92.

The correlations are higher for critical care than for medical–surgical care. Currently, the Nursing Care Hours per Patient Day formula is the unit of analysis that determines staffing requirements in hospitals. It is a calculable formula that is used as a method of staffing and for budgeting nursing hours . Nursing Care Hours per Patient Day are calculated by multiplying the number of staff delivering direct nursing care by the hours worked during the shift and then dividing that number into the average daily census at a specific designated time.

For the purposes of this study, the midnight census was chosen as the designated time. Nursing Care Hours per Patient Day were studied and the data from both Quarters under review were analyzed and compared. The current minimum total nursing staff hours per resident in a CCNH bed is 694 hours annually. This means each resident can expect to receive 13.31 hours of direct care each week. Figure III-1 shows the minimum number of nurse and nurse aide hours required per- resident-day is 1.9 hours - an average of less than five minutes of care per resident, per hour.

In terms of licensed nursing personnel for a CCNH, the minimum requirement is .64 hours per day. If nurse aides provide all of the non-licensed care that is allowed, they will provide a total of one hour and 16 minutes of care per resident each day. Table III-I describes the minimum nurse and nurse aide staffing requirements for CCNH and RHNS beds in Connecticut. The regulations establish minimum standards for nursing-staff-to-resident ratios during two segments of a 24-hour day and are expressed in terms of staff hours per patient . For example, on average the regulations require each resident receives 84 minutes of total nurse and nurse aide care during the 7 a.m. Observations suggest that registered nurses need to engage in a great variety of tasks, and spend a great deal of time locating the information needed for individual patients.

Calculator Hours Worked Per Day Health education, clinical references, consulting, and coaching were the least frequent activities in the registered nurses' working days. We were not able to observe a fifth of the registered nurses' activities, as these were done outside the medical ward. These activities could thus not be classified in the observations, but were described by the staff as nursing tasks on other medical units, meetings with management, quality teams, and so on. Moreover, the results show that the patients noticed the individual attention they received from registered nurses while they cared for them, and that their explanations helped them feel more at ease. Nurses are known to spend more time with patients than other health professionals, and that enables them to show the caring attitude which is sensitive to patients' reports of quality of nursing care .

Registered nurses have a wide range of nursing knowledge and good communication skills, are alert to changes in the patients' status and have the competencies needed to do all the activities that arise in nursing care. Nursing technicians have fewer competencies, and care for fewer patients than registered nurses – certain tastes are thus not delegated from registered nurses to technicians, but the vice versa. This could mean that patients would benefit if mixed staffing models, like the one observed in this study, would include more nurses with bachelor's degrees. In fact, according to published studies hospital nurses spend from 7.3% to 54.2% of their time on direct patient care, from 0% to 59% on indirect care, and from 14% to 17% on personal time . Patient satisfaction is influenced by factors identified at the patient level along with nurses' kindness and competence with regard to performing technical procedures .

When items in the instrument represent patients' perceptions, there are no criteria against which criterion-related validity could be tested . Some researchers have argued that hours per patient day is the most precise measure of the amount of nursing care provided to patients (Budreau et al. 1999). However, hours per patient day do not accurately measure the impact of admissions, discharges, and transfers on the workload of nurses. Unruh and Fottler have demonstrated that nurse staffing measures that do not adjust for patient turnover underestimate nursing workload and overstate RN staffing levels.

While prospective unit-level databases such as CalNOC often include measures of admissions, discharges, and transfers, administrative databases do not include such measures. The program review committee believes the minimum nursing staff ratio suggested in HCFA's study is based on the most comprehensive and defensible research to date. Furthermore, the establishment of minimum nursing staff standards does not negate the federal and state requirements that nursing facilities provide adequate nursing staff to meet residents' needs. Minimum staffing thresholds merely establish a floor below which a facility cannot drop.

An analysis from the Journal of Emergency Nursing found that a calculation of hours per patient visit was the most frequently used method for determining staffing in the ED. This method requires dividing the number of actual paid hours by the total number of ED visits to calculate the number of staff hours per year. The authors pointed out that this type of system fails to take a few critical factors into consideration, including patient acuity, length of stay, and nursing workload. The authors discussed a tool that may be more accurate for calculating annual needs.

It incorporates key variables of patient volume, patient acuity, nursing interventions and activities, skill mix, and ED length of stay to determine the direct needs in an emergency department. There is also a chart in the article that can show how to use the tool to facilitate the calculation of the number of full-time equivalent nurses needed. The authors say that the tool can be used to determine staffing needs in the ED as well as for monitoring staffing indicators. Inpatient care unit does not include any hospital-based clinic, long-term care facility, or outpatient hospital department. "Staffing hours per patient day" means the number of full-time equivalent nonmanagerial care staff who will ordinarily be assigned to provide direct patient care divided by the expected average number of patients upon which such assignments are based.

"Patient acuity tool" means a system for measuring an individual patient's need for nursing care. Decisions about the adequacy and appropriateness of nurse staffing have long been based on functionally outdated industrial models that focus on work sampling and time-and-motion studies conducted in semi-simulated settings. Even today, the common method of staffing nursing units or identifying the staffing mix in hospitals is by identifying budgeted Nursing Care Hours per Patient Day. A traditional measure of nursing productivity, "nursing hours per patient day has never been satisfactory because 'patient day' as a measure of nursing output takes neither patient acuity nor quality of nursing care into accou nt". .

The 3.5 DHPPD staffing requirement, of which 2.4 hours per patient day must be performed by CNAs, is a minimum requirement for SNFs. SNFs shall employ and schedule additional staff and anticipate individual patient needs for the activities of each shift, to ensure patients receive nursing care based on their needs. The staffing requirement does not ensure that any given patient receives 3.5 or 2.4 DHPPD; it is the total number of actual direct care service hours performed by direct caregivers per patient day divided by the average patient census. Metrics such as hours per patient day and nursing hours per patient day , referred to by Carter as CHPPD, have been used for decades in the US to examine nursing productivity both within and between hospitals.

They are also used to determine staffing levels based on national or regional benchmarks and establish budgets for nursing departments. NHPPD usually refer to qualified nurses in the US, so may include only RNs with degrees or both RNs and those with older diplomas and/or licensed practical nurses. NHPPD are also used in several states in Australia and are usually used to describe qualified nurses only. This is why it is important to understand which staff are included before accepting staffing data.

The CalNOC data are less widely dispersed than the OSHPD data for the matched set of hospitals, suggesting that the CalNOC data might contain less measurement error. Nursing hours were on average higher in the OSHPD data than in CalNOC, likely because OSHPD data include nurse staff time spent on activities other than patient care. As a result, the distribution of nurse staffing per patient day is different between these datasets, with the CalNOC data producing somewhat lower hours per patient day than the OSHPD data. The correlations between estimates of hours per patient day are low, at 0.22 for total nursing hours and 0.32 for RN hours.

Moreover, undivided attentionand explanationwere positively correlated only with the volume of registered nurses' work hours. However, the item things are done without askingwas negatively correlated with the working hours of nursing technicians. The total in this equation provides the nursing hours per patient day, which helps nursing facilities understand what ratio of nurses to patients is best for them. For all licensed facilities nationwide, the average total nursing staff hours per patient day was 4.0 for January 2011 through February 2012, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation,.

When possible, hospital units or types of units were matched within each hospital. Productive nursing hours and direct patient care hours were converted to full-time equivalent employment and to nurse-to-patient ratios to compare nurse staffing as measured by different surveys. It is critical that clinical staff have access to HPPD levels and how they are calculated in a particular institution in order to inform their practice. Evidence-based care must use data and research on measures of productivity, patient satisfaction, quality, and financial accountability.

In the meantime, some hospitals are implementing a number of strategies to account for the staffing level on all units and to address bottlenecks in processing patient admissions, transfers, and discharges. At the heart of these activities is a shared desire to provide the best person-centered, timely, efficient, and effective care. As a nurse leader, you are expected to know what your average daily census is for your department and staff. Flexing your staffing levels to the volume that you have is key to your department being productive.

You may be asking yourself, where does patient safety and quality care come into consideration, instead of just dollars? There are also several evidence-based leadership studies that prove the higher the RN ratio to patient, the lower the adverse outcomes for the patients. The successful nurse leader learns to find the right balance between quality, safety, staff satisfaction, and fiscal responsibility in providing the most effective staffing plan. A relationship between staffing and quality of care in nursing homes is inherently logical. However, the correlation is difficult to demonstrate because of the complexities in defining and measuring quality, the lack of valid nursing staff data, and the differences in residents' acuity levels among facilities. The purpose of the analysis was to determine if facilities that received a high number of deficiencies reported less staff per resident day than those with zero or only one deficiency.